The seven steps of PBL

At the start of each case a chairman and a secretary are chosen by the group. The task of the chairman is to see that the case is gone through in an orderly fashion and that everybody has a chance to speak. The secretary records the ideas to small paper slips at the brainstorming phase and then sketches a solution to the given problem together with the other group members.The group members read through the description of the new case and think over it individually for a while. The case is then worked out in seven steps:

Opening of the new case (about half an hour)

1.  Key Concepts

Ensure that key concepts and terminology of the case setup has been understood. When needed, strange terms and acronyms will be explained by the tutor.

2.  Naming of the problem

The case setup is discussed so that an agreement can be reached on what is the key problem. The case is given a name that reflects the key problem.

3.  Brainstorming or gathering of ideas

The group members let their thoughts wander fairly freely and spell out any ideas related to the case that come to their minds. The ideas are recorded to small paper slips. All ideas are just recorded, the time for criticism is later.

4.  Outlining of a preliminary explanation (working hypothesis)

The group discusses the ideas and how they are related to each others. Related ideas are grouped together and the paper slips are rearranged accordingly. A mind map may also be drawn. The group attempts to outline an explanation to the problem.

5.  Definition of study goals

The group agrees on questions that have to be studied in order to evaluate and refine the proposed explanation. What new things we have to know to solve this kind of problems? Possible source material may also be listed.

Individual study

6.  Individual study

Every member of the group studies individually to find answers to the study questions agreed upon by the group. Books, professional journals, web pages etc. may be used. The case must not be divided to parts, all members of the group go through the same questions.

Finishing the old case (about one hour)

7.  Analysis of the results and evaluation of the case

The case is discussed. Is the preliminary explanation corredt? What has been learned? Are the newly learned facts applicable to the case? Which new things and problems have been encountered? All of the group members attend the discussion, but the case is not divided to previously prepared presentations.