nOver-voltage
 protection
 nTest
 equipment to connect to monitor the line condition faults
 nVoltage
 feed
 nringing
 ntelephone
 current supply
 nDetection
 of 
 nhook stage,
 pulse generated, or dual-tone receiver
 nThe
 hybrid junction (2 wire - 4 wire interface)
 nAn
 A/D converter (uses PCM techniques at 64 kbps)
 n